Flesh Grinder's Glossary of Medical Terms

Abdomen: The part of the body that contains the stomach, small intestine, colon, rectum, liver, spleen, pancreas, kidneys, appendix, gallbladder, and bladder.
Abrasion: 1. An Abrasion or "excoriation" is a wearing away of the upper layer of skin as a result of applied friction force. 2. In dentistry an "abrasion" is the wearing away of the tooth substance.
Abscess: Abscess is a local accumulation of pus anywhere in the body.
Accelerated phase of leukemia: Refers to chronic myelogenous leukemia that is progressing. The number of immature, abnormal white blood cells in the bone marrow and blood is higher than in the chronic phase, but not as high as in the blast phase.
Achlorhydria: A lack of hydrochloric acid in the digestive juices in the stomach. Hydrochloric acid helps digest food.
Actinic keratosis: A precancerous condition of thick and scaly patches of skin; also called solar or senile keratosis.
Acute leukemia: Cancer of the blood cells (leukemia) that progresses rapidly.
Adenocarcinoma: A cancer that develops in the lining or inner surface of an organ. More than 95 percent of prostate cancers are adenocarcinoma.
Adjuvant therapy: Treatment given in addition to the primary treatment.
Adrenal glands: A pair of small glands, one located on top of each kidney. The adrenal glands produce hormones that help control heart rate, blood pressure, the way the body uses food, and other vital functions.
Adhesion: The union of two opposing tissue surfaces (often referring to the sides of a wound). Also refers to scar tissue strands that can form in an area of a previous operation, such as within the abdomen after a laparotomy.
Allergy: A hypersensitivity of the body's immune system in response to exposure to specific substances (antigens), such as pollen, beestings, poison ivy, drugs, or foods. Anaphylactic shock is a severe form of allergy response which is a medical emergency.
Alopecia: Baldness. There are many types of alopecia, each with a different cause. Alopecia can be localized to the front and top of the head, such as in male pattern baldness; patchy, such as in alopecia areata; or involve the entire head, such as in alopecia capitis totalis.
Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles.
Amnesia: An impairment or lack of memory. Amnesia after a trauma event can be either antegrade (lack of memory related to events occurring after the event) or retrograde (lack of memory related to events occurring before the event).
Amputation: Surgery to remove all or part of an arm, leg or digit (finger or toe).
Analgesia is the inability to feel pain.
Anastomosis: A procedure to connect healthy sections of the colon or rectum after the cancerous portion has been surgically removed.
Androgen: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics.
Anemia is the condition of having less than the normal number of red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood. The oxygen-transporting units are, therefore, insufficient. Patients can feel tired, fatigue easily, appear pale, develop palpitations, and become short of breath.
Anesthesia: Loss of feeling or awareness. A local anesthetic causes loss of feeling in a part of the body. A general anesthetic puts the person to sleep.
Anesthetic: A substance that causes lack of feeling or awareness. A local anesthetic causes loss of feeling in a part of the body. A general anesthetic puts the person to sleep.
Angiogram: An x-ray of blood vessels, which can be seen because of an injection of a dye that shows up in the x-ray pictures.
Anorexia: A decreased appetite or aversion to food. Anorexia nervosa is a serious psychological disorder characterized by an extreme aversion to food, most often affecting young women.
Antibiotics: Drugs that fight infections.
Antibodies are specialized proteins produced by white blood cells that circulate in the blood seeking and attaching to foreign proteins, microorganisms or toxins in order to neutralize them. They are part of the immune system. (see immune system).
Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body.
Apnea: The absence of breathing (respirations).
Arteriogram: An x-ray of blood vessels, which can be seen after an injection of a dye that shows up in the x-ray pictures.
Arthritis means inflammation of a joint. When joints are inflamed they can develop stiffness, warmth, swelling, redness and pain. There are over 100 types of arthritis. (see osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, lupus, gout, pseudogout).
Arthroscopy is a surgical technique whereby a doctor inserts a tube-like instrument into a joint to inspect, diagnose and repair tissues. It is most commonly performed in patients with diseases of the knees or shoulders.
Artery: An Artery is a blood vessel that carries blood high in oxygen content from the heart throughout the body. It is the part of the circulatory system
Asbestos: A natural material that is made up of tiny fibers. If the fibers are inhaled, they can lodge in the lungs and lead to cancer, such as mesothelioma, or a scarring of the lungs, called asbestosis.
Ascites: Abnormal buildup of fluid in the abdomen. Ascites can occur as a result of severe liver disease.
Aspiration: Removal of a sample of fluid and cells through a needle.
Auscultate: To listen to the sounds made by the internal organs of the body for diagnostic purposes. For example, nurses and doctors auscultate the lungs and heart of a patient by using a stethoscope placed on the patient's chest.
Autoimmune diseases are illnesses which occur when the body tissues are attacked by its own immune system. The immune system is a complex organization within the body that is designed normally to "seek and destroy" invaders of the body, particularly infections.
Axillary dissection: An axillary dissection means removal of a portion of the lymph nodes under the arm.
Azotemia: A higher than normal blood level of urea or other nitrogen containing compounds in the blood. The hallmark test is the serum BUN (blood urea nitrogen) level. Usually caused by the inability of the kidney to excrete these compounds.

B cells: A type of white blood cell. Many B cells mature into plasma cells, which can produce antibody proteins necessary to fight off infections, such as viruses.
Bacteria: are single-celled microorganisms which can live as either independent organisms or as parasites. It is a bacteria that is responsible for the common throat infection "Strep throat."
Baldness: Alopecia. There are many types of baldness, each with a different cause. Baldness can be localized to the front and top of the head, such as in male pattern baldness; patchy, such as in alopecia areata; or involve the entire head, such as in alopecia capitis totalis.
Barium enema: A series of x-rays of the lower intestine. The x-rays are taken after the patient is given an enema with a white, chalky solution that contains barium. The barium outlines the intestines on the x-rays.
Barium solution: A liquid containing barium sulfate, which shows up on x-rays. It outlines organs of the body so they can be seen on x-ray film.
Barrett's esophagus: A change in the cells of the tissue that lines the bottom of the esophagus. The esophagus may become irritated when the contents of the stomach back up (reflux). Reflux that happens often over a period of time can lead to Barrett's esophagus.
Basal cells: Small, round cells found in the lower part, or base, of the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin.
Basal cell carcinoma: A type of skin cancer in which the cancer cells resemble the basal cells of the epidermis.
Benign: Not cancer; does not invade surrounding tissue or spread to other parts of the body.
Benign prostatic hypertrophy: A noncancerous condition in which the prostate swells and pushes against the urethra and the bladder, blocking the flow of urine. Also called benign prostatic hyperplasia or BPH.
Bile: A yellow-green fluid made by the liver. Bile is stored in the gallbladder. It passes through the common bile duct into the duodenum, where it helps digest fat.
Biological response modifiers: Substances that stimulate the body's response to infection and disease. The body naturally produces small amounts of these substances. Scientists can produce some of them in the laboratory in large amounts and use them in cancer treatment. Also called BRMs.
Biological therapy: Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune (defense) system to fight infection and disease. Also called immunotherapy.
Biopsy: The removal of a sample of tissue for examination under a microscope to check for cancer cells. A specialist trained to examine such tissues is called a pathologist.
Bladder: The organ that stores urine.
Blast phase: Refers to advanced chronic myelogenous leukemia. In this phase, the number of immature, abnormal white blood cells in the bone marrow and blood is extremely high. Also called blast crisis.
Blasts: Immature blood cells.
Blood: The blood is the fluid in the body that contains red and white cells as well as platelets, proteins, plasma and other elements. It is transported throughout the body by the circulatory system.
Blood-brain barrier: A protective network of blood vessels and cells that filters blood flowing to the brain.
Bone: Bone is the substance that forms the skeleton of the body. It is composed chiefly of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. It also serves as a storage area for calcium, playing a large role in calcium balance in the blood.
Bone density: Bone density is the amount of bone tissue in a certain volume of bone. It can be measured using a special x-ray called a quantitative computed tomogram.
Bone marrow: The bone marrow is the soft substance that fills bone cavities. It is composed of mature and immature blood cells and fat. The blood cells include white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets. Diseases or drugs that affect the bone marrow can affect the "total counts" of these cells.
Bone marrow aspiration: The removal of a small sample of bone marrow (usually from the hip) through a needle for examination under a microscope to see whether cancer cells are present.
Bone marrow biopsy: The removal of a small piece of bone and bone marrow (usually from the hip) through a large needle. The sample is examined under a microscope to see whether cancer cells are present.
Bone marrow transplantation: A procedure in which doctors replace diseased bone marrow with healthy bone marrow.
Blood pressure: The blood pressure is the pressure of the blood within the arteries. It is produced primarily by the contraction of the heart muscle.
Bone scan: A technique to create images on bones on a computer screen or on film. A small amount of radioactive material is injected and travels through the bloodstream. It collects in the bones, especially in abnormal areas of the bones, and is detected by a scanner.
Bowel: Another name for the intestine. There is both a small and a large bowel.
Bradycardia: A slow heart rate, usually defined as less than 60 beats per minute.
Brain: The brain is that portion of the central nervous system that is located within the skull. It functions as a primary receiver, organizer and distributor of information for the body. It has two (right and left) halves called "hemispheres."
Brain stem: The stemlike part of the brain that is connected to the spinal cord.
Brain stem glioma: A type of brain tumor.
Bridge teeth are false teeth that replace on or more missing teeth supported by a metal framework.
Bronchi: The large air tubes leading to the lungs. One tube is called a bronchus.
Bronchioles: The tiny branches of air tubes in the lungs.
Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi.
Bronchoscope: A thin, flexible instrument used to view the air passages of the lung.
Bronchoscopy: A test that permits the doctor to see the breathing passages through a lighted tube.
Bruise: A bruise or "contusion" is an traumatic injury of the soft tissues which results in breakage of the local capillaries and leakage of red blood cells. In the skin it can be seen as a reddish-purple discoloration which does not blanch when pressed upon.
Buccal mucosa: The inner lining of the cheeks and lips.
Bulimia: An insatiable appetite, often interrupted by periods of anorexia. Bulimia is a psychological disorder that can be accompanied by self-induced vomiting.
Bullous: Characterized by blistering, such as in second-degree burn.
BUN: Blood urea nitrogen. A measure primarily of the urea level in blood. Urea is cleared by the kidney and diseases which compromises the function of the kidney will frequently lead to increased blood levels.
Bunion: A bunion is a localized painful swelling at the base of the big toe. It is frequently associated with inflammation. It can be related to inflammation of the nearby bursa (bursitis) or degenerative joint disease (osteoarthritis).
Burkitt's lymphoma: A type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma that most often occurs in young people between the ages of 12 and 30. The disease usually causes a rapidly growing tumor in the abdomen.

Calcium: A mineral found mainly in the hard part of bones. Bone is a storage area for calcium. Calcium is added to bone by cells called osteoblasts. It is removed from bone by cells called osteoclasts.
Callus: (1) A callus or callosity is a localized firm thickening of the upper layer of skin as a result of repetitive friction. (2) A callus is the hard new bone substance that forms in an area of bone fracture. It is part of the bone repair process.
Cancer: Cancer refers to a abnormal growths which have a tendency to grow uncontrolled and metastasize. It can involve any tissue of the body and can have many different forms in each body area.
Capillaries: Capillaries are tiny blood vessels that distribute blood from arteries to the tissues of the body. They are part of the circulatory system. When pink areas of skin are compressed this causes blanching. This occurs because blood is pressed out of the capillaries. (see blood).
Carcinogen: A substance or agent that is known to cause cancer.
Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the tissues lining or covering an organ.
Carcinoma in situ: Cancer that involves only the cells in which it began and that has not spread to other tissues.
Caries: Caries are "cavities" of decay in a tooth.
Cartilage: Firm, rubbery tissue that cushions bones at joints. A more flexible kind of cartilage connects muscles with bones and makes up other parts of the body, such as the larynx and the outside parts of the ears.
Cataract: A clouding or loss of transparency of the eye lens. There are many causes of cataracts including aging, diabetes, cortisone medication, trauma, or other diseases.
Catheter: A thin, flexible tube. When a catheter is placed in a vein, it provides a pathway for giving drugs, nutrients, fluids, or blood products. Also, blood samples can be withdrawn through the catheter.
Cauterization: The use of heat to destroy abnormal cells. Also called diathermy or electrodiathermy.
CEA assay: A laboratory test to measure the level of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), a substance that is sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood of colorectal cancer patients.
Central Nervous System: The central nervous system is that part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord.
Cephalgia: Headache.
Cerebellum: The portion of the brain in the back of the head between the cerebrum and the brain stem.
Cerebral hemispheres: The two halves of the cerebrum, the largest part of the brain.
Cerebrospinal fluid: The watery fluid that fills the spaces in and around the brain and spinal cord. Also called CSF.
Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemipheres, or halves.
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: A general term for the growth of abnormal cells on the surface of the cervix. Numbers from 1 to 3 may be used to describe how much of the cervix contains abnormal cells. Also called CIN.
Cervix: The cervix, is the end of the womb, or uterus that protrudes into the upper vagina.
Chemoprevention: The use of natural or laboratory-made substances to prevent cancer.
Chalazion: Also called a Meibomian cyst or a tarsal cyst, a chalazion is an inflammation of the oil gland of the eyelid.
Chordoma: A form of bone cancer that usually starts in the lower spinal column.
Chromosomes: Chromosomes are microscopic components of every cell in the body that carry all of the genetic material that will eventually determine hair color, eye color and our overall appearance and makeup.
Chronic leukemia: Cancer of the blood cells (leukemia) that progresses slowly.
Chronic phase: Refers to the early stages of chronic myelogenous leukemia. The number of immature, abnormal white blood cells in the bone marrow and blood is higher than normal, but lower than in the accelerated or blast phase.
Circulatory System: The circulatory system is a composed of the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins. It serves to transport blood low in oxygen from the body to the lungs and heart (veins) and oxygenated blood from the lungs and heart throughout the body (arteries). (see heart, blood).
Clinical trials: Medical research studies conducted with volunteers. Each study is designed to answer scientific questions and to find better ways to prevent, detect, or treat cancer.
CNS prophylaxis: Chemotherapy or radiation therapy to the central nervous system (CNS). This is preventative treatment. It is given to kill cancer cells that may be in the brain and spinal cord, even though no cancer has been detected there.
Colectomy: An operation to remove all or part of the colon. In a partial colectomy, the surgeon removes only the cancerous part of the colon and a small amount (called a margin) of surrounding healthy tissue.
Collagen: Collagen is the principal protein of the skin, tendons, cartilage, bone and connective tissue.
Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. The colon is sometimes called the large bowel or the large intestine.
Colonoscope: A flexible, lighted instrument used to view the inside of the colon.
Colonoscopy: Colonoscopy is a procedure whereby a doctor inserts a viewing tube (colonoscope) into the rectum for the purpose of inspecting the colon. Upon detecting certain abnormal areas of the colon a biopsy can be performed.
Colony-stimulating factors: Laboratory-made agents similar to substances in the body that stimulate the production of blood cells. Treatment with colony-stimuating factors (CSFs) can help the blood-forming tissue recover from the effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
Colorectal: Related to the colon and/or rectum.
Colostomy: An opening created by a surgeon into the colon from the outside of the body. A colostomy provides a new path for waste material to leave the body after part of the colon has been removed.
Colposcopy: A procedure in which a lighted magnifying instrument (called a colposcope) is used to examine the vagina and cervix.
Coma: A state of unarousable unconsciousness.
Computed tomography: An x-ray procedure that uses a computer to produce a detailed picture of a cross section of the body; also called CAT or CT scan.
Concussion: A concussion is a traumatic injury of soft tissue, usually the brain, as a result of a violent blow or shaking. A brain concussion can cause immediate and temporary impairment of brain function, such as thinking, vision, equilibrium and consciousness.

Dentin: Dentin is the hard tissue of the tooth surrounding the central core of nerves and blood vessels (pulp)
Depression: Low spirits; dejection. Symptoms of depression include apathy, anorexia, lack of emotional expression (flat affect), social withdrawal and fatigue.
Dermatologist: A doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of skin problems.
Dermatomyositis: Dermatomyositis is a chronic inflammatory disease of muscle which is associated with patches of slightly raised reddish or scaly rash. The rash can be on the bridge of the nose, around the eyes, or on sun-exposed areas of the neck and chest. Classically, however, it is over the knuckles. (see polymyositis).
Dermis: The lower or inner layer of the two main layers of cells that make up the skin.
Dialysis: The process of cleansing the blood by passing it through a special machine. Dialysis is necessary when the kidneys are not able to filter the blood.
Diaper rash: Also called "diaper dermatitis," a diaper rash is a skin inflammatory reaction localized to the area usually covered by the diaper. It can have many causes including infections (yeast, bacterial or viral), friction irritation, chemical allergies (perfumes, soaps), sweat and plugging of sweat glands.
Diaphragm: The muscle that separates the chest (thoracic) cavity from the abdomen. Contraction of the diaphragm muscle helps to expand the lungs when breathing air inward.
Diathermy: The use of heat to destroy abnormal cells. Also called cauterization or electrodiathermy.
Diethylstilbestrol: A drug that was once widely prescribed to prevent miscarriage. Women whose mothers were given diethylstilbestrol (DES) during pregnancy to prevent miscarriage are at increased risk for developing cancer of the cervix.
Digestive system: The organs that are responsible for getting food into and out of the body and for making use of food to keep the body healthy. These include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, colon, and rectum.
Digital rectal exam: An exam to detect rectal cancer. The doctor inserts a lubricated, gloved finger into the rectum and feels for abnormal areas. It is also an important screening test for the detection of prostate abnormalities, including cancer.
Dilatation and curettage: A minor operation in which the cervix is expanded enough (dilatation) to permit the cervical canal and uterine lining to be scraped with a spoon-shaped instrument called a curette (curettage) This procedure also is called D and C.
Dilator: A device used to stretch or enlarge an opening. Patients with scarring of the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach (esophagus) can require a dilator procedure in order to open the esophagus for adequate passage of food and fluids.
Diplopia: The condition whereby a single object appears as two objects. Also called "double vision."
Disease: Illness or sickness often characterized by typical patient problems (symptoms) and physical findings (signs).
Douching: Using water or a medicated solution to clean the vagina and cervix.
Dumping syndrome: A group of symptoms that occur when food or liquid enters the small intestine too rapidly. These symptoms include cramps, nausea, diarrhea, and dizziness.
Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. The duodenum is a common site for peptic ulcer formation.
Dyspareunia: The medical term for pain during sexual intercourse.
Dysplastic nevi: Atypical moles; moles whose appearance is different from that of common moles. Dysplastic nevi are generally larger than ordinary moles and have irregular borders. Their color often is not uniform; they usually are flat, but parts may be raised above the skin surface.
Dyspnea: Apparent breathing distress usally a result of serious disease of the heart, lungs, or airways.
Dyspraxia: Impaired or painful function of any organ of the body.

Echocardiography: Echocardiography is a diagnostic test which uses ultrasound waves to make images of the heart chambers, valves and surrounding structures. It can measure cardiac output and is a sensitive test for inflammation around the heart (pericarditis). It can also be used to detect abnormal anatomy or infections of the heart valves.
Edema: Edema is the swelling of soft tissues as a result of excess water accumulation. It is often more prominent in the lower legs and feet toward the end of the day as a result of pooling of fluid from the upright position maintained during the day. Upon awakening from sleeping, patients can have swelling around the eyes referred to as "periorbital edema."
Ejaculation: Ejection of sperm and seminal fluid.
Electrodesiccation: Use of an electric current to destroy cancerous tissue and control bleeding.
Electrolarynx: A battery-operated instrument that makes a humming sound to help laryngectomees talk.
Embolization: A treatment that clogs small blood vessels and blocks the flow of blood, such as to a tumor.
Embolus: A blockage or plug which is obstructing a blood vessel. Examples of emboli are a detached blood clot, a clump of bacteria, or other foreign material, such as air.
Emesis: Vomiting.
Encapsulated: Confined to a specific area; the tumor remains in a compact form.
Endocervical curettage: The removal of tissue from the inside of the cervix using a spoon-shaped instrument called a curette.
Endometriosis: A benign condition in which tissue that looks like endometrial tissue grows in abnormal places, most often in the abdomen.
Endometrium: The inner layer of the uterus.
Endoscope: A flexible, lighted instrument used to examine organs such as the throat or esophagus.
Endoscopy: A procedure in which the doctor looks inside the body through a lighted tube called an endoscope.
Enterostomal therapist: A health care specialist trained to help patients care for and adjust to their colostomy.
Environmental tobacco smoke: Smoke that comes from the burning end of a cigarette and smoke that is exhaled by smokers. Also called ETS or second-hand smoke. Inhaling ETS is called involuntary or passive smoking.
Enzymes: Proteins that are produced by body cells that cause biochemical reactions. Some enzymes aid digestion.
Epenymoma: A type of brain tumor.
Epidermis: The upper or outer layer of the two main layers of cells that make up the skin.
Epidermoid carcinoma: A type of lung cancer in which the cells are flat and look like fish scales. Also called squamous cell carcinoma.
Epiglottis: The flap that covers the trachea during swallowing so that food does not enter the lungs.
Epithelial carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the cells that line an organ.
ERCP (endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatogram): A special x-ray of the common bile duct.
Erythema: A redness of the skin resulting from inflammation, for example, as caused by sunburn.
Erythrocytes: Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called red blood cells (RBCs).
Erythroleukemia: Leukemia that develops in erythrocytes. In this rare disease, the body produces large numbers of abnormal red blood cells.
Erythroplakia: A reddened patch with a velvety surface found in the mouth.
Esophageal: Related to the esophagus.
Esophageal speech: Speech produced with air trapped in the esophagus and forced out again.
Esophagectomy: An operation to remove a portion of the esophagus.
Esophagoscopy: Examination of the esophagus using a thin, lighted instrument.
Esophagram: A series of x-rays of the esophagus. The x-ray pictures are taken after the patient drinks a solution that coats and outlines the walls of the esophagus. Also called a barium swallow.
Esophagus: The esophagus is that soft tube-like portion of the digestive tract connecting the pharynx with the stomach. It has a muscular wall composed of "smooth muscle." It is commonly referred to as the "gullet."
Estrogen: Estrogen is a female hormone produced by the ovaries. Estrogen deficiency can lead to osteoporosis.
Ewing's sarcoma: A bone cancer that forms in the middle (shaft) of large bones. It most often affects the hipbones and the bones of the upper arm and thigh.
Exfoliate: To peal off scaly skin spontaneously. The skin exfoliates from the palms and soles in Kawasaki's disease and Reiter's syndrome.
External radiation therapy: Radiation therapy using a machine located outside the body to aim high-energy rays at a tumor.

Familial polyposis: An inherited condition in which several hundred polyps develop in the colon and rectum.
Fascia: Sheet of thick-fiber tissue which surrounds the body beneath the skin. Fascia also encloses muscles. Inflammation of the fascia is referred to as fasciitis.
Fecal occult blood test: A test to check for hidden blood in stool. (Fecal refers to stool. Occult means hidden.)
Femur: The femur is a large bone of the lower extremity that extends from the hip to the knee.
Fertile: Able to conceive and bear offspring.
Fertility: The ability to have children.
Fertilization: Fertilization is the process of combining the male gamete, or "sperm," with the female gamete, or "ovum." The product of this combination is a cell called a zygote.
Fetus: The unborn child developing in the uterus.
Fever: A fever is a body temperature above the normal of 98.6 degrees F. (37 degrees C.). It is usually measured with a thermometer.
Fiber: The parts of fruits and vegetables that cannot be digested. Also called bulk or roughage.
Fibroid: A benign uterine tumor.
Fibrosarcoma: A form of bone cancer that occurs mainly in middle-aged and elderly people. It usually starts in the pelvis.
Fine needle aspiration: The use of a thin needle to withdraw tissue from the body.
Fluoroscopy: An x-ray procedure that makes it possible to see internal organs in motion.
Fluorouracil: An anticancer drug. Its chemical name is 5-fluorouracil, commonly called 5-FU.
Folate (folic acid): Folic acid is an important factor in nucleic acid synthesis (the genetic material of all cells). Deficiency leads to megaloblastic anemia.
Follicles: Shafts through which hair grows.
Fracture: A fracture is a break in the bone or cartilage. It usually is a result of trauma. It can, however, be a result of disease of the bone, such as osteoporosis, or an abnormal formation of the bone in rare congenital (from time of birth) diseases, such as osteogenesis imperfecta. Fractures are classified by their character and location. Examples of classification include "spiral fracture of the femur," "greenstick fracture of the radius," "impacted fracture of the humerus," "linear fracture of the ulna," "oblique fracture of the metatarsal," "compression fracture of the vertebrae," and "depressed fracture of the skull." A "comminuted fracture" is a fracture in which bone is broken into a number of pieces. (This should be distinguished from the "compound fracture" as described below).Fractures are also named by the trauma event that caused the bone breakage. Examples include "boxer's fracture" of the metacarpal bone of the hand, "blowout fracture" of the bones behind the eye, and "stress fracture" of the bones of tibia." Some fractures are also named by conditions associated with the bone breakage. For example, a "compound fracture" is a fracture in which there is an associated open wound of the skin which leads directly to the broken bone.
Frostbite: Frostbite is damage to tissues as a result of extreme cold exposure. The tissues become injured from blood clotting and ice crystal formation. Severe frostbite can result in death of the tissues (gangrene).
Fungus: Fungus is a plantlike organism that feeds on organic matter. An example of a common fungus is the yeast organism which causes thrush and diaper rash (diaper dermatitis).

Gallbladder: A pear-shaped organ that stores bile. It is located below the liver.
Gangrene: Gangrene is the state of death of tissue due to loss of adequate blood supply. Gastrectomy: Surgery to remove part of all of the stomach.
Gastric: Having to do with the stomach.
Gastric atrophy: A condition in which the stomach muscles shrink and become weak. It results in a lack of digestive juices.
Gastroscope: A flexible, lighted instrument that is put through the mouth and esophagus to view the stomach. Tissue from the stomach can be removed through the gastroscope.
Gastroenterologist: A doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases of the digestive system.
Gene therapy: Treatment that alters genes (the basic units of heredity found in all cells in the body). In early studies of gene therapy for cancer, researchers are trying to improve the body's natural ability to fight the disease or to make the tumor more sensitive to other kinds of therapy.
Genetic: Having to do with genes, structures found in every cell of the body. Each gene contains information that directs the activities of cells and controls the way an individual develops.
Germ cell tumor: A type of brain tumor.
Germinoma: A type of germ cell tumor.
Gland: A group of cells that secrete a substance needed by the body.
Glioblastoma multiforme: A type of brain tumor.
Glioma: A name for brain tumors that begin in the glial cells, or supportive cells, in the brain. "Glia" is the Greek word for glue.
Glottis: The middle part of the larynx; the area where the vocal cords are located.
Gottron's sign: Gottron's sign is a scaly, patchy redness over the knuckles and is seen in patients with dermatomyositis, an inflammatory muscle disorder. (see polymyositis).
Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body.
Graft-versus-host disease: A reaction of donated bone marrow against a patient's own tissue. Also called GVHD.
Groin: The area where the thigh meets the hip.
Gynecologic oncologists: Doctors who specialize in treating cancers of the female reproductive organs.
Gynecologist: A doctor who specializes in treating diseases of the female reproductive organs.

Incontinence: Inability to hold urine in the bladder.
Infertility: Diminished or absent ability to conceive and bear offspring (fertility).
Inflammation: Inflammation is localized redness, warmth, swelling and pain as a result of infection, irritation or injury.
Inguinal orchiectomy: Surgery to remove the testicle through the groin.
Insulin: A hormone made by the islet cells of the pancreas. Insulin controls the amount of sugar in the blood.
Interferon: A substance used in biological therapy. Interferon helps the immune system slow the rate of growth and division of cancer cells, causing them to become sluggish and die.
Interleukins: Substances used in biological therapy. Interleukins stimulate the growth and activities of certain kinds of white blood cells.
Internist: A physician who specializes in the diagnosis and medical treatment of adults.
Internal radiation therapy: Radiation therapy in which radioactive material is placed in or near a tumor.
Interstitial radiation: Radiation therapy in which a radioactive material is placed directly into a tumor.
Intestine: The long, tubelike organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. It consists of the small and large intestines.
Intraepithelial: Within the layer of cells that forms the surface or lining of an organ.
Intrahepatic: Within the liver.
Intraoperative radiation therapy: Radiation treatment given during surgery. Also called IORT.
Intraperitoneal: Within the peritoneal cavity, the area that contains the abdominal organs.
Intraperitoneal chemotherapy: Treatment in which anticancer drugs are put directly into the abdomen through a thin tube.
Intrathecal chemotherapy: Treatment with drugs that are injected into the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cort (cerebrospinal fluid).
Intravenous: Injected into a vein. Also called IV.
Intravenous pyelogram: An x-ray of the kidneys and urinary tract. Structures are made visible by the injection of a substance that blocks x-rays. Also called IVP.
Invasive cervical cancer: Cancer that has spread from the surface of the cervix to tissue deeper in the cervix or to other parts of the body.
Ischemia: Inadequate blood supply (circulation) to a local area due to blockage of the blood vessels to the area.
Islets of Langerhans: Insulin-producing tissue in the pancreas.
IV: Inside a vein (blood vessel). Also called intravenous.

Jaundice: Jaundice is a yellowish staining of the skin and white of the eyes (sclerae) with pigment of bile. Jaundice can be an indicator of liver or gallbladder disease or result from red blood cells rupturing (hemolysis).
Joint: A joint is the area where two bones are attached for the purpose of motion of body parts.

Kaposi's sarcoma: A relatively rare type of cancer that develops on the skin of some elderly persons or those with a weak immune system, including those with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Keratosis: A localized overgrowth of the upper layer of skin. Common forms of keratosis include aging (senile keratosis) and sun exposure (actinic keratosis).
Kidneys: The kidneys are a pair of organs located in the right and left side of the abdomen which clear "poisons" from the blood, regulate acid concentration and maintain water balance in the body by excreting urine. The urine then passes through connecting tubes called "ureters" into the bladder. The bladder stores the urine until it is released during urination.
Krukenberg tumor: A tumor of the ovary caused by the spread of stomach cancer.

Laceration: A laceration is a tear of soft tissues.
Laparoscopy: Laparoscopy is a type of surgery where small incisions are made in the abdominal wall through which instruments are placed that can help in visualizing structures in the abdomen and pelvis.
Laparotomy: An operation to open the abdomen.
Large cell carcinoma: A group of lung cancers in which the cells are large and look abnormal.
Laryngeal: Having to do with the larynx.
Laryngectomee: A person who has had his or her voice box removed.
Laryngectomy: An operation to remove all or part of the larynx.
Laryngitis: Inflammation of the larynx (voice box).
Laryngoscope: A flexible, lighted tube used to examine the larynx.
Laryngoscopy: Examination of the larynx with a mirror (indirect laryngoscopy) or with a laryngoscope (direct laryngoscopy).
Larynx: The larynx is the portion of the breathing, or respiratory, tract containing the vocal cords which produce vocal sound. It is located between the pharynx and the trachea. It is also called the "voice box." Its outer wall of cartilage forms the area of the front of the neck referred to as the "Adams apple."
Laser: A powerful beam of light used in some types of surgery to cut or destroy tissue.
Lateral: The side of the body or body part that is farther from the middle or center (median) of the body. Typically, lateral refers to the outer side of the body part, but it is also used to refer to the side of a body part. For example, when referring to the knee, lateral would mean the side of the knee that is farthest from the opposite knee. The opposite of lateral is medial.
Leprosy: A skin infection caused by a bacteria, which can also be associated with nerve damage. The bacteria involved is called Mycobacterium leprae.
Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change.
Leukemia: Cancer of the blood cells.
Leukocytes: Cells that help the body fight infections and other diseases. Also called white blood cells (WBCs).
Leukoplakia: A white spot or patch in the mouth.
LHRH agonists: Compounds that are similar to LHRH (luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone).
Ligament: A ligament is a band or sheet of connective tissue that connects two bones together.
Liver: An organ in the upper abdomen that aids in digestion and removes waste products and worn-out cells from the blood.
Lobe: 1. A subdivision of an organ, divided by fissures, connective tissue or other natural boundaries. 2. A rounded projecting portion, such as the lobe of the ear.
Lobectomy: An operation to remove an entire lobe of the lung.
Local therapy: Treatment that affects only a tumor and the area close to it.
Local treatment: Treatment that affects the tumor and the area close to it.
Lower GI series: A series of x-rays of the colon and rectum that is taken after the patient is given a barium enema. (Barium is a white, chalky substance that outlines the colon and rectum on the x-ray.)
Lubricant: An oily or slippery substance. A vaginal lubricant may be helpful for women who feel pain during intercourse because of vaginal dryness.
Lumbar puncture: A lumbar puncture or "LP" is a procedure whereby spinal fluid is removed from the spinal canal for the purpose of diagnostic testing. It is particularly helpful in the diagnosis of inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system, especially infections, such as meningitis. It can also provide clues to the diagnosis of stroke, spinal cord tumor and cancer metastasis to the central nervous system.
Lumbar puncture: A lumbar puncture is performed by withdrawing spinal fluid from the spinal canal with a needle and syringe under sterile conditions, and usually with local anesthesia.
Lumpectomy: A lumpectomy is a partial mastectomy, and quadrentectomy refer to removing only a portion of the breast.
Lungs: The lungs are a pair of breathing organs located with the chest which remove carbon dioxide from and bring oxygen to the blood. There is a right and left lung.
Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone: A hormone that controls sex hormones in men and women. Also called LHRH.
Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease.
Lymph nodes: Small, bean-shaped organs located throughout the lymphatic system. The lymph nodes store special cells that can trap cancer cells or bacteria that are traveling through the body in lymph. Also called lymph glands.
Lymphangiogram: X-rays of the lymphatic system. A dye is injected to outline the lymphatic vessels and organs.
Lymphatics: Lymphatics are small thin channels similar to blood vessels. They do not carry blood, but collect and carry tissue fluid from the body to ultimately drain back into the blood stream.
Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. The channels that carry lymph are also part of this system.
Lymphedema: A condition in which excess fluid collects in tissue and causes swelling. It may occur in the arm or leg after lymph vessels or lymph nodes in the underarm or groin are removed.
Lymphocytes: White blood cells that fight infection and disease.
Lymphocytic: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell.
Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop.

Nasopharynx: The area of the upper throat behind the nose.
Nausea: Nausea is the urge to vomit. It can be brought by many causes including, systemic illnesses, such as influenza, medications, pain, and inner ear disease.
Neck dissection: Surgery to remove lymph nodes and other tissues in the neck.
Neoplasia: Abnormal new growth of cells.
Nephrectomy: Surgery to remove the kidney. Radical nephrectomy removed the kidney, the adrenal gland, nearby lymph nodes, and other surrounding tissue. Simple nephrectomy removes just the affected kidney. Partial nephrectomy removes the tumor, but not the entire kidney.
Nephrotomogram: A series of special x-rays of the kidneys. The x-rays are taken from different angles. They show the kidneys clearly, without the shadows of the organs around them.
Nerve: A nerve is a bundle of fibers that uses electrical and chemical signals to transmit sensory and motor information from one body part to another. (see nervous system). nervous system figure. show standing view of entire nervous system
Nervous system: The nervous system is the body tissue that records and distributes information in the body using electrical and chemical transmission. It has two parts. The "central" nervous system is comprised of the brain and spinal cord. The "peripheral" nervous system is the nerve tissue that transmits sensation and motor information back and forth from the body to the central nervous system.
Neurologist: A doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the nervous system.
Neuroma: A tumor that arises in nerve cells.
Neurosurgeon: A doctor who specializes in surgery on the brain and other parts of the nervous system.
Nevus: A pigmented spot on the skin, such as a mole. The plural of nevus is nevi.
Nitrosoureas: A group of anticancer drugs that can cross the blood-brain barrier. Carmustine (BCNU) and lomustine (CCNU) are nitrosoureas.
Nonmelanoma skin cancer: Skin cancer that does not involve melanocytes. Basal cell cancer and squamous cell cancer are nonmelanoma skin cancers.
Nonseminoma: A classification of testicular cancers that arise in specialized sex cells called germ cells. Nonseminomas include embryonal carcinoma, teratoma, choriocarcinoma, and yolk sac tumor.
Nonsmall cell lung cancer: A general classification for squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma.
Nasopharynx: The area of the upper throat behind the nose.
Nausea: Nausea is the urge to vomit. It can be brought by many causes including, systemic illnesses, such as influenza, medications, pain, and inner ear disease.
Neck dissection: Surgery to remove lymph nodes and other tissues in the neck.
Neoplasia: Abnormal new growth of cells.
Nephrectomy: Surgery to remove the kidney. Radical nephrectomy removed the kidney, the adrenal gland, nearby lymph nodes, and other surrounding tissue. Simple nephrectomy removes just the affected kidney. Partial nephrectomy removes the tumor, but not the entire kidney.
Nephrotomogram: A series of special x-rays of the kidneys. The x-rays are taken from different angles. They show the kidneys clearly, without the shadows of the organs around them.
Nerve: A nerve is a bundle of fibers that uses electrical and chemical signals to transmit sensory and motor information from one body part to another. (see nervous system).
Nervous system: The nervous system is the body tissue that records and distributes information in the body using electrical and chemical transmission. It has two parts. The "central" nervous system is comprised of the brain and spinal cord. The "peripheral" nervous system is the nerve tissue that transmits sensation and motor information back and forth from the body to the central nervous system.
Neurologist: A doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the nervous system.
Neuroma: A tumor that arises in nerve cells.
Neurosurgeon: A doctor who specializes in surgery on the brain and other parts of the nervous system.
Nevus: A pigmented spot on the skin, such as a mole. The plural of nevus is nevi.
Nitrosoureas: A group of anticancer drugs that can cross the blood-brain barrier. Carmustine (BCNU) and lomustine (CCNU) are nitrosoureas.
Nonmelanoma skin cancer: Skin cancer that does not involve melanocytes. Basal cell cancer and squamous cell cancer are nonmelanoma skin cancers.
Nonseminoma: A classification of testicular cancers that arise in specialized sex cells called germ cells. Nonseminomas include embryonal carcinoma, teratoma, choriocarcinoma, and yolk sac tumor.
Nonsmall cell lung cancer: A general classification for squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma.

Oat cell cancer: A type of lung cancer in which the cells look like oats. Also called small cell lung cancer.
Oligodendroglioma: A type of brain tumor.
Ommaya reservoir: A device implanted under the scalp and used to deliver anticancer drugs to the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
Oncologist: A doctor who specializes in treating cancer.
Oophorectomy: The removal of one or both ovaries.
Ophthalmoscope: A lighted instrument used to examine the inside of the eye, including the retina and the optic nerve.
Optic nerve: The nerve that carries messages from the retina to the brain.
Oral surgeon: A dentist with special training in surgery of the mouth and jaw.
Orchiectomy: The surgical removal of the testicles.
Oropharynx: The area of the throat at the back of the mouth.
Osteosarcoma: A cancer of the bone that is most common in children. Also called osteogenic sarcoma.
Ostomy: An operation to create an opening from an area inside the body to the outside. See glossary entry for colostomy.
Otolaryngologist: A doctor who specializes in treating diseases of the ear, nose, and throat.
Ovaries: The pair of female reproductive organs that produce eggs (ova) and hormones. They are located in the lower abdomen, one on each side of the uterus.
Ovary: An ovary or "egg sac" is one of a pair of reproductive glands in women. The ovaries produce the ovum or female egg which is transferred through the fallopian tube for fertiliztion by the sperm. The ovary also produces both the hormones estrogen and progesterone.
Ovum: An ovum is an egg that exists in the ovary of the female. This egg is called the female "gamete" or sex cell. It combines with the male gamete, called a sperm, to form a zygote. This formation process is called "fertilization." (see sperm, zygote).
Quincke's disease: Also called angioneurotic edema. Angioedema is a form of localized swelling of the deeper layers of the skin and fatty tissues underneath the skin. Angioedema can occur as a result of an allergic reaction, in association with other diseases (such as blood vessel inflammation, vasculitis), with cancers (such as lymphoma), or for unknown reasons. Hereditary angioneurotic edema, also referred to as hereditary angioedema, is an inherited form of angioedema. Patients with hereditary angioneurotic edema from birth lack an inhibitor protein (called C1 esterase inhibitor) that normally prevents activation of a cascade of proteins that lead to the swelling of angioedema. Patients with hereditary angioneurotic edema can develop recurrent attacks of swollen tissues, pain in the abdomen, and swelling of the voice box (larynx), which can cause impaired breathing. The diagnosis of hereditary angioneurotic edema is suspected when a patient has a history of recurrent angioedema. It is confirmed by finding abnormally low levels of C1 esterase inhibitor in the blood. Treatment options of hereditary angioneurotic edema include antihistamines and male steroids (androgens) that can also prevent the recurrent attacks.

Radiation fibrosis: The formation of scar tissue as a result of radiation therapy to the lung.
Radiation oncologist: A doctor who specializes in using radiation to treat cancer.
Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy is the use of special high energy x-ray beams to kill rapidly growing cells, such as cancer cells. It is a generally a painless treatment and is given in an outpatient setting without the need for hospitalization.
Radical cystectomy: Surgery to remove the bladder as well as nearby tissues and organs.
Radioactive: Giving off radiation.
Radionuclide scan: An exam that produces pictures (scans) of internal parts of the body. The patient is given an injection or swallows a small amount of radioactive material. A machine called a scanner then measures the radioactivity in certain organs.
Radon: A radioactive gas that is released by uranium, a substance found in soil and rock. When too much radon is breathed in, it can damage lung cells and lead to lung cancer.
Rectum: The last 6 to 8 inches of the large intestine. The rectum stores solid waste until it leaves the body through the anus.
Recur: To occur again. Recurrence is the reappearance of cancer cells at the same site or in another location.
Red blood cells: Red blood cells (RBCs) are cells that carry oxygen in the blood. They are also called red corpuscles.
Red corpuscles: Red corpuscles are cells that carry oxygen in the blood. They are also called red blood cells or "RBCs." Reed-Sternberg cell: A type of cell that appears in patients with Hodgkin's disease. The number of these cells increases as the disease advances.
Reflux: The term used when liquid backs up into the esophagus from the stomach.
Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of a disease after a remission.
Remission: Disappearance of the signs and symptoms of cancer or other disease. When this happens, the disease is said to be "in remission." A remission can be temporary or permanent.
Remission induction chemotherapy: The initial chemotherapy a patient with acute leukemia receives to bring about a remission.
Renal capsule: The fibrous connective tissue that surrounds each kidney.
Renal cell cancer: Cancer that develops in the lining of the renal tubules, which filter the blood and produce urine.
Renal pelvis: The area at the center of the kidney. Urine collects here and is funneled into the ureter.
Reproductive system: In women, the organs that are directly involved in producing eggs and in conceiving and carrying babies.
Resection: Surgical removal of part of an organ.
Respiration: Respiration is the act of inhaling and exhaling air in order to exchange oxygen for carbon dioxide.
Respiratory system: The organs that are involved in breathing. These include the nose, throat, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
Respiratory therapy: Exercises and treatments that help patients recover lung function, such as after surgery.
Retropubic prostatectomy: Surgical removal of the prostate through an incision in the abdomen.
Risk factor: Something that increases a person's chances of developing a disease.
Rheumatism: Rheumatism is an older term, used to describe any of a number of painful conditions of muscles, tendons, joints, and bones.
Rheumatoid nodules: Rheumatoid nodules are firm lumps in the skin of patients with rheumatoid arthritis that usually occur in pressure points of the body, most commonly the elbows

Ultrasound/Ultrasonography: A test in which high-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) are bounced off tissues and the echoes are converted into a picture (sonogram).
Ultraviolet radiation: Invisible rays that are part of the energy that comes from the sun. Ultraviolet radiation can burn the skin and cause skin cancer. It is made up of two types of rays, UVA and UVB. UVB rays are more likely than UVA rays to cause sunburn, but UVA rays pass further into the skin. Scientists have long thought that UVB radiation can cause melamona and other types of skin cancer. They now think that UVA radiation also may add to skin damage that can lead to cancer. For this reason, skin specialists recommend that people use sunscreens that block both kinds of radiation.
Upper GI series: A series of x-rays of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine (upper gastrointestinal, or GI, tract) that are taken after the patient drinks a barium solution. (Barium is a white, chalky substance that outlines the organs on the x-ray.)
Ureters: The tubes that carry urine from each kidney to the bladder.
Urinalysis: A test that determines the content of the urine.
Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
Urine: Liquid waste.
Urologist: A doctor who specializes in diseases of the urinary organs in females and the urinary and sex organs in males.
Uterus: A small, pear-shaped muscular organ in the pelvis of females where the unborn child develops until birth. Also called the womb.
Urticaria: Hives. Raised, itching areas of skin, often a sign of an allergic reaction. Also called "welts" or "nettle rash."
Uvula: The prominent anatomic structure dangling downward visibly at the back of the mouth (pharynx).

Wart: A local growth of the outer layer of skin caused by a virus. Warts that occur on the hands or feet are called common warts. Genital (venereal) warts are located on the genitals and are transmitted by sexual contact.
White blood cells: White blood cells (WBCs) are cells which circulate in the blood and lymphatic system and harbor in the lymph glands and spleen. They are part of the immune system responsible for both directly (T cells and macrophages) and indirectly (B cells producing antibodies) attacking foreign invaders of the body.